./bin/spark-shell

Spark’s primary abstraction is a distributed collection of items called a Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD). RDDs can be created from Hadoop InputFormats (such as HDFS files) or by transforming other RDDs. Let’s make a new RDD from the text of the README file in the Spark source directory:

scala> val textFile = sc.textFile("README.md")
textFile: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = README.md MapPartitionsRDD[1] at textFile at <console>:25

RDDs have actions, which return values, and transformations, which return pointers to new RDDs. Let’s start with a few actions:

scala> textFile.count() // Number of items in this RDD
res0: Long = 126 // May be different from yours as README.md will change over time, similar to other outputs

scala> textFile.first() // First item in this RDD
res1: String = # Apache Spark

Now let’s use a transformation. We will use the filter transformation to return a new RDD with a subset of the items in the file.

scala> val linesWithSpark = textFile.filter(line => line.contains("Spark"))
linesWithSpark: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = MapPartitionsRDD[2] at filter at <console>:27

We can chain together transformations and actions:

scala> textFile.filter(line => line.contains("Spark")).count() // How many lines contain "Spark"?
res3: Long = 15

./bin/pyspark

Spark’s primary abstraction is a distributed collection of items called a Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD). RDDs can be created from Hadoop InputFormats (such as HDFS files) or by transforming other RDDs. Let’s make a new RDD from the text of the README file in the Spark source directory:

>>> textFile = sc.textFile("README.md")

RDDs have actions, which return values, and transformations, which return pointers to new RDDs. Let’s start with a few actions:

>>> textFile.count()  # Number of items in this RDD
126

>>> textFile.first()  # First item in this RDD
u'# Apache Spark'

Now let’s use a transformation. We will use the filter transformation to return a new RDD with a subset of the items in the file.

>>> linesWithSpark = textFile.filter(lambda line: "Spark" in line)

We can chain together transformations and actions:

>>> textFile.filter(lambda line: "Spark" in line).count()  # How many lines contain "Spark"?
15

scala> textFile.map(line => line.split(" ").size).reduce((a, b) => if (a > b) a else b)
res4: Long = 15

This first maps a line to an integer value, creating a new RDD. reduce is called on that RDD to find the largest line count. The arguments to map and reduce are Scala function literals (closures), and can use any language feature or Scala/Java library. For example, we can easily call functions declared elsewhere. We’ll use Math.max() function to make this code easier to understand:

scala> import java.lang.Math
import java.lang.Math

scala> textFile.map(line => line.split(" ").size).reduce((a, b) => Math.max(a, b))
res5: Int = 15

One common data flow pattern is MapReduce, as popularized by Hadoop. Spark can implement MapReduce flows easily:

scala> val wordCounts = textFile.flatMap(line => line.split(" ")).map(word => (word, 1)).reduceByKey((a, b) => a + b)
wordCounts: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[(String, Int)] = ShuffledRDD[8] at reduceByKey at <console>:28

Here, we combined the flatMap, map, and reduceByKey transformations to compute the per-word counts in the file as an RDD of (String, Int) pairs. To collect the word counts in our shell, we can use the collect action:

scala> wordCounts.collect()
res6: Array[(String, Int)] = Array((means,1), (under,2), (this,3), (Because,1), (Python,2), (agree,1), (cluster.,1), ...)

>>> textFile.map(lambda line: len(line.split())).reduce(lambda a, b: a if (a > b) else b)
15

This first maps a line to an integer value, creating a new RDD. reduce is called on that RDD to find the largest line count. The arguments to map and reduce are Python anonymous functions (lambdas), but we can also pass any top-level Python function we want. For example, we’ll define a max function to make this code easier to understand:

>>> def max(a, b):
...     if a > b:
...         return a
...     else:
...         return b
...

>>> textFile.map(lambda line: len(line.split())).reduce(max)
15

One common data flow pattern is MapReduce, as popularized by Hadoop. Spark can implement MapReduce flows easily:

>>> wordCounts = textFile.flatMap(lambda line: line.split()).map(lambda word: (word, 1)).reduceByKey(lambda a, b: a+b)

Here, we combined the flatMap, map, and reduceByKey transformations to compute the per-word counts in the file as an RDD of (string, int) pairs. To collect the word counts in our shell, we can use the collect action:

>>> wordCounts.collect()
[(u'and', 9), (u'A', 1), (u'webpage', 1), (u'README', 1), (u'Note', 1), (u'"local"', 1), (u'variable', 1), ...]

scala> linesWithSpark.cache()
res7: linesWithSpark.type = MapPartitionsRDD[2] at filter at <console>:27

scala> linesWithSpark.count()
res8: Long = 15

scala> linesWithSpark.count()
res9: Long = 15

It may seem silly to use Spark to explore and cache a 100-line text file. The interesting part is that these same functions can be used on very large data sets, even when they are striped across tens or hundreds of nodes. You can also do this interactively by connecting bin/spark-shell to a cluster, as described in the programming guide.

>>> linesWithSpark.cache()

>>> linesWithSpark.count()
15

>>> linesWithSpark.count()
15

It may seem silly to use Spark to explore and cache a 100-line text file. The interesting part is that these same functions can be used on very large data sets, even when they are striped across tens or hundreds of nodes. You can also do this interactively by connecting bin/pyspark to a cluster, as described in the programming guide.

We’ll create a very simple Spark application in Scala–so simple, in fact, that it’s named SimpleApp.scala:

/* SimpleApp.scala */
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf

object SimpleApp {
  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    val logFile = "YOUR_SPARK_HOME/README.md" // Should be some file on your system
    val conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("Simple Application")
    val sc = new SparkContext(conf)
    val logData = sc.textFile(logFile, 2).cache()
    val numAs = logData.filter(line => line.contains("a")).count()
    val numBs = logData.filter(line => line.contains("b")).count()
    println(s"Lines with a: $numAs, Lines with b: $numBs")
    sc.stop()
  }
}

Note that applications should define a main() method instead of extending scala.App. Subclasses of scala.App may not work correctly.

This program just counts the number of lines containing ‘a’ and the number containing ‘b’ in the Spark README. Note that you’ll need to replace YOUR_SPARK_HOME with the location where Spark is installed. Unlike the earlier examples with the Spark shell, which initializes its own SparkContext, we initialize a SparkContext as part of the program.

We pass the SparkContext constructor a SparkConf object which contains information about our application.

Our application depends on the Spark API, so we’ll also include an sbt configuration file, build.sbt, which explains that Spark is a dependency. This file also adds a repository that Spark depends on:

name := "Simple Project"

version := "1.0"

scalaVersion := "2.11.8"

libraryDependencies += "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-core" % "2.1.3"

For sbt to work correctly, we’ll need to layout SimpleApp.scala and build.sbt according to the typical directory structure. Once that is in place, we can create a JAR package containing the application’s code, then use the spark-submit script to run our program.

# Your directory layout should look like this
$ find .
.
./build.sbt
./src
./src/main
./src/main/scala
./src/main/scala/SimpleApp.scala

# Package a jar containing your application
$ sbt package
...
[info] Packaging {..}/{..}/target/scala-2.11/simple-project_2.11-1.0.jar

# Use spark-submit to run your application
$ YOUR_SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit \
  --class "SimpleApp" \
  --master local[4] \
  target/scala-2.11/simple-project_2.11-1.0.jar
...
Lines with a: 46, Lines with b: 23

This example will use Maven to compile an application JAR, but any similar build system will work.

We’ll create a very simple Spark application, SimpleApp.java:

/* SimpleApp.java */
import org.apache.spark.api.java.*;
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.Function;

public class SimpleApp {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String logFile = "YOUR_SPARK_HOME/README.md"; // Should be some file on your system
    SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("Simple Application");
    JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(conf);
    JavaRDD<String> logData = sc.textFile(logFile).cache();

    long numAs = logData.filter(new Function<String, Boolean>() {
      public Boolean call(String s) { return s.contains("a"); }
    }).count();

    long numBs = logData.filter(new Function<String, Boolean>() {
      public Boolean call(String s) { return s.contains("b"); }
    }).count();

    System.out.println("Lines with a: " + numAs + ", lines with b: " + numBs);
    
    sc.stop();
  }
}

This program just counts the number of lines containing ‘a’ and the number containing ‘b’ in a text file. Note that you’ll need to replace YOUR_SPARK_HOME with the location where Spark is installed. As with the Scala example, we initialize a SparkContext, though we use the special JavaSparkContext class to get a Java-friendly one. We also create RDDs (represented by JavaRDD) and run transformations on them. Finally, we pass functions to Spark by creating classes that extend spark.api.java.function.Function. The Spark programming guide describes these differences in more detail.

To build the program, we also write a Maven pom.xml file that lists Spark as a dependency. Note that Spark artifacts are tagged with a Scala version.

<project>
  <groupId>edu.berkeley</groupId>
  <artifactId>simple-project</artifactId>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <name>Simple Project</name>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency> <!-- Spark dependency -->
      <groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId>
      <artifactId>spark-core_2.11</artifactId>
      <version>2.1.3</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</project>

We lay out these files according to the canonical Maven directory structure:

$ find .
./pom.xml
./src
./src/main
./src/main/java
./src/main/java/SimpleApp.java

Now, we can package the application using Maven and execute it with ./bin/spark-submit.

# Package a JAR containing your application
$ mvn package
...
[INFO] Building jar: {..}/{..}/target/simple-project-1.0.jar

# Use spark-submit to run your application
$ YOUR_SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit \
  --class "SimpleApp" \
  --master local[4] \
  target/simple-project-1.0.jar
...
Lines with a: 46, Lines with b: 23

Now we will show how to write an application using the Python API (PySpark).

As an example, we’ll create a simple Spark application, SimpleApp.py:

"""SimpleApp.py"""
from pyspark import SparkContext

logFile = "YOUR_SPARK_HOME/README.md"  # Should be some file on your system
sc = SparkContext("local", "Simple App")
logData = sc.textFile(logFile).cache()

numAs = logData.filter(lambda s: 'a' in s).count()
numBs = logData.filter(lambda s: 'b' in s).count()

print("Lines with a: %i, lines with b: %i" % (numAs, numBs))

sc.stop()

This program just counts the number of lines containing ‘a’ and the number containing ‘b’ in a text file. Note that you’ll need to replace YOUR_SPARK_HOME with the location where Spark is installed. As with the Scala and Java examples, we use a SparkContext to create RDDs. We can pass Python functions to Spark, which are automatically serialized along with any variables that they reference. For applications that use custom classes or third-party libraries, we can also add code dependencies to spark-submit through its --py-files argument by packaging them into a .zip file (see spark-submit --help for details). SimpleApp is simple enough that we do not need to specify any code dependencies.

We can run this application using the bin/spark-submit script:

# Use spark-submit to run your application
$ YOUR_SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit \
  --master local[4] \
  SimpleApp.py
...
Lines with a: 46, Lines with b: 23